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Five Philosophical Stances Toward Morality Philosophical--attempts to consider question(s)/observation(s) from all perspectives without personal prejudices or preconceived attitudes. Theological--considers question(s)/observation(s) from a preconceived attitude; religious viewpoint (all religious/spiritual concepts; generality); a particular religious viewpoint (Episcopalian, Baptists, etc.). Societal--considers question(s)/observation(s) from the assumed dominant viewpoint of society-at-large, which is not enforceable by law, but which enforces by cultural acceptance/peer pressure/emotional appeals. Political--considers question(s)/observation(s) from the stance of law; viewpoint is enforceable by law or sheer force. Self--considers question(s)/observation(s) from the stance of the individual self; may respond emotionally or objectively or both; may rely on empirical knowledge or innate knowledge or both; may or may not attempt to prove his/her rightness; may or may not be opinion rather than fact.
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